DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Women are half of the part of the human species. They work hard for their families. They give love and affection to their children and family members. They do domestic works. Political leaders and writers give honor to women by saying: “Women are half in the sky.” “Where a woman weeps, there will be no peace, money,” etc. However, practically, women are neglected in every sect, tribe, religion, country. They are treated as servants.’ inhumane treatment towards women starts from the family. It has crept to the society. Every society in the world is male dominated. Every walk of human life is filled with majority of men. In parliament also, female M.Ps can be calculated in fingers. Harassment, humiliation, torture, etc. are done on women. Crimes against women are of many types, innumerable. Some of them are mentioned hereunder:
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE – Domestic violence refers to the violence and abuse which happens in a domestic setting like cohabitation or marriage. It is important to remember that domestic violence is not just physical but any kind of behavior that tries to gain power and control over the victim. It can affect people from all walks of life and it basically subjects towards a partner, spouse or intimate family member. Through an essay on domestic violence, we will go through its cause and effects.
Often women and children are the soft targets of domestic violence. Domestic violence. Domestic violence is a gruesome crime that also causes a number of deaths. Some of the most common causes of domestic violence are illiteracy and economical dependency on the menfolk.
The male-dominated society plays an important role in this problem. Further dowry is also one of the leading causes which have the consequence of violence against newly-wed brides. In many parts of the world, physically assaulting women and passing horrendous remarks is common.
Moreover, children also become victims of this inhuman behavior more than often. It is important to recognize the double standards and hypocrisy of society. A lot of the times, the abuser is either psychotic or requires psychological counseling.
However, in a more general term, domestic violence is the outcome of cumulative irresponsible behavior which a section of society
Demonstrates. It is also important to note that solely the abuser is not just responsible but also those who allow this to happen and act as mere mute spectators.
DOMESTIC VOILENCE IN FAMILIES:
Violence against women in the family occurs in developed and developing countries alike. It has long been considered a private matter by bystanders-including neighbors, the community and government. But such private matters have a tendency to become public tragedies.
In the United States, a woman is beaten every 18 minutes. Indeed, domestic violence is the leading cause of injury among women of reproductive age in the United States. Between 22 and 35 per cent of women who visit emergency rooms are there for that reason. The highly publicized trial of O.J. Simpson, the retired United States football player acquitted of the murder of his former wife and a male friend of hers, helped focus international media attention on the issue of domestic violence and spousal abuse.
According to the Special Reporter’s report, many Governments now recognize the importance of protecting victims of domestic abuse and taking action to punish perpetrators. The establishment of structures allowing officials to deal with cases of domestic violence against women in the family.
The Special Reporter’s report highlights the importance of adopting legislation that provides for prosecution of the offender. It also stresses the importance of specialized training for law enforcement authorities as well as medical and legal professionals and of the establishment of community support services for victims, including access to information and shelters.
Object and Reasons:
Domestic violence is undoubtedly a human right’s issue and serious deterrent to development. The Vienna Accord of 1994 and the Beijing the United Nations Committee on Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (EEDAW) in its General Recommendation No. XII (1989) has recommended that State parties should act to protect women against violence of any kind especially that occurring within the family.
(2) The phenomenon of domestic violence is widely prevalent but has remained largely invisible in the public domain. Presently, where a woman is subjected to cruelty by her husband or his relatives, it is an offence under Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code. The civil law does not however address this phenomenon in its entirety.
(3) It is proposed to enact a law keeping in view the rights guaranteed under Articles 14 (i.e. the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India); Art. 15 (i.e. prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth); and Art. 21 (i.e. protection of life and personal liberty) of the Constitution to provide for a remedy under the civil law which is intended to protect the woman from being victims of domestic violence and to prevent the occurrence of domestic violence in the society.
Extension:
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 24th August, 2005, and by the Rajya Sabha on 29th August, 2005 and received the assent of the assent of the President of India on 13th September, 2005. The Act provides for more effective protection of the rights of women guaranteed under the Constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family and for mattes connected therewith or incidental thereto. The Act shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.
Definition of domestic violence:
According to Section 3 of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, for the purposes of this Act, any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it-
- Harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or
- Harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security; or
- Has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or
- Otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person.
Procedure for relief of Domestic Violence
Law relating to the protection of Women…
According to Section 2(s) of the Act, a “shared household” means a household where the person aggrieved lived or at any stage has lived in a domestic relationship either singly or along with the respondent and includes such a household whether owned or tenanted either jointly by the aggrieved person and the respondent, or owned or tenanted either jointly by the aggrieved person and the respondent, or owned or tenanted by either of them in respect of which either the aggrieved person or the respondent or both jointly or singly have any right, title, interest or equity and includes respondent is a member, irrespective of whether the respondent or the aggrieved person has any right, title or interest in the shared household.
Complaint to Protection Officers:
According to Section 4 of the Act, any person who has reason to believe that an act of domestic violence has been or is being committed, such person may inform the Protection Officer. It also lays down that the person who is providing the information in good faith shall be exempt from any civil or criminal liability for giving such information.
Duties of Police Officers, service providers and Magistrate:
A police officer, Protection Officer, service provider or Magistrate who has received a complaint of domestic violence or is otherwise present at the place of an incident of domestic violence ore when he incident of domestic violence is reported to him, shall inform the aggrieved person-
- Of her right to make an application for obtaining a relief by way of a protection order, an order for monetary relief, a custody order, a residence order, a compensation order or more than one such order this Act;
- of the availability of services of service providers;
- of the availability of services of the Protection Officers;
- of her right to free legal services under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987;
- of her right to file a complaint under Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, wherever relevant:
Provided that nothing in this Act shall be construed in any manner as to relieve a police officer from his duty to proceed in accordance with law upon receipt of information as to the commission of a cognizable offence (Section 5).
Duties and functions of Protection officers:
As per Section 9 of the Act, it shall be the duty of the Protection Officer-
- to assist the Magistrate in the discharge of his functions under this Act;
- to make a domestic incident report to the Magistrate, in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed, upon receipt of a complaint of domestic violence and forward copies thereof to the police officer in charge of the police station within the local limits of whose jurisdiction domestic violence is alleged to have been committed and to the service providers in that area;
- to make an application in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed to the Magistrate, if the aggrieved person so desires, claiming relief for issuance of a protection order;
- to ensure that the aggrieved person is provided legal aid under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and make available free of cost the prescribed form in which a complaint is to be made;
- to maintain a list of all service providers providing legal aid or counseling, shelter homes and medical facilities in a local area within the jurisdiction of the Magistrate;
- to make available a safe shelter home, if the aggrieved person so requires and forward a copy of his report of having lodged the aggrieved person in a shelter home to the police station and the Magistrate having jurisdiction in the area where the shelter home is situated.
- To get the aggrieved person medically examined, if she has sustained bodily injuries and forward a copy of the medical report to the police station and the Magistrate having jurisdiction in the area where the domestic violence is alleged to have been taken place;
- To ensure that the order for monetary relief under Section 20 is complied with and executed, in accordance with the procedure prescribed under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
- To perform such other duties as may be prescribed.
The Protection Officer shall be under the control and supervision of the Magistrate, and shall perform the duties imposed on him by the Magistrate and the Government by or under, this Act.
Penalty for not discharging duty by Protection Officer:
According to Section 33 of the Act, if any Protection Officer fails or refuses to discharge his duties as directed by the Magistrate in the protection order without any sufficient cause, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to twenty thousand rupees, or with both.
Duties of shelter homes:
If an aggrieved person or on her behalf a Protection Officer or a service provider requests the person-in charge of a shelter home to provide shelter to her, such person in charge of the shelter home shall provide shelter to the aggrieved person in the shelter home (Section 6).
Duties of in-charge of medical facilities:
If an aggrieved person or, on her behalf a Protection Officer or a service provider requests the person in charge of medical facilities to provide any medical aid to her, such person in charge of the medical facility shall provide medical aid to the aggrieved person in the medical facility (Section 7).
Members of service providers to be public servants:
As per Section 30 of the Act, the members of service providers, while acting or purporting to act in pursuance of any of the provisions of this Act or any rules or orders made thereunder shall be deemed to be public servants within the meaning of Section 21 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.
Procedure for obtaining orders of relief
Application to Magistrate:
Section 12 of the Act provides that –
- An aggrieved person or a Protection Officer or any other person on behalf of the aggrieved person may present an application to the Magistrate seeking one or more reliefs under this Act:
Provided that before passing any order on such application, the Magistrate shall take into consideration any domestic incident report received by him from the Protection Officer or the service provider.
- The relief sought for under sub-section (1) may include a relief for issuance of an order for payment to compensation or damages without prejudice to the right of such person to institute a suit for compensation or damages for the injuries caused by the acts of domestic violence committed by the respondent:
Medical Facilities :-
Medical Facilities are bound to provide free medical aid, even if the aggrieved woman requests aid without any prior recommendation either from the Protection Officer or the Service Provider. The obligations of the Medical Facility are independent of, and shall be fulfilled regardless of the fulfillment of, those of the Protection Officer and Service Provider.
Reliefs that may be by the Magistrate :-
The reliefs the Magistrate can grant are :
I . Protection orders, sec. 18
Ii. Residence orders sec. 19
Iii. Monitory orders, Sec. 20
Iv . Custody orders , sec. 21
v . Compensation orders sec. 22 :-
Protection orders.—The Magistrate may, after giving the aggrieved person and the respondent an opportunity of being heard and on being prima facie satisfied that domestic violence has taken place or is likely to take place, pass a protection order in favour of the aggrieved person and prohibit the respondent from—
(a) committing any act of domestic violence;
(b) aiding or abetting in the commission of acts of domestic violence;
(c) entering the place of employment of the aggrieved person or, if the person aggrieved is a child, its school or any other place frequented by the aggrieved person;
(d) attempting to communicate in any form, whatsoever, with the aggrieved person, including personal, oral or written or electronic or telephonic contact;
(e) alienating any assets, operating bank lockers or bank accounts used or held or enjoyed by both the parties, jointly by the aggrieved person and the respondent or singly by the respondent, including her stridhan or any other property held either jointly by the parties or separately by them without the leave of the Magistrate;
(f) causing violence to the dependants, other relatives or any person who give the aggrieved person assistance from domestic violence;
(g) committing any other act as specified in the protection order.
Residence orders.—
(1) While disposing of an application under sub‑section (1) of section 12, the Magistrate may, on being satisfied that domestic violence has taken place, pass a residence order—
(a) restraining the respondent from dispossessing or in any other manner disturbing the possession of the aggrieved person from the shared household, whether or not the respondent has a legal or equitable interest in the shared household;
(b) directing the respondent to remove himself from the shared household;
(c) restraining the respondent or any of his relatives from entering any portion of the shared household in which the aggrieved person resides;
(d) restraining the respondent from alienating or disposing of the shared household or encumbering the same;
(e) restraining the respondent from renouncing his rights in the shared household except with the leave of the Magistrate; or
(f) directing the respondent to secure same level of alternate accommodation for the aggrieved person as enjoyed by her in the shared household or to pay rent for the same, if the circumstances so require: Provided that no order under clause (b) shall be passed against any person who is a woman.
(2) The Magistrate may impose any additional conditions or pass any other direction which he may deem reasonably necessary to protect or to provide for the safety of the aggrieved person or any child of such aggrieved person.
(3) The Magistrate may require from the respondent to execute a bond, with or without sureties, for preventing the commission of domestic violence.
(4) An order under sub-section (3) shall be deemed to be an order under Chapter VIII of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) and shall be dealt with accordingly.
(5) While passing an order under sub-section (1), sub-section (2) or sub-section (3), the court may also pass an order directing the officer-in-charge of the nearest police station to give protection to the aggrieved person or to assist her or the person making an application on her behalf in the implementation of the order.
(6) While making an order under sub-section (1), the Magistrate may impose on the respondent obligations relating to the discharge of rent and other payments, having regard to the financial needs and resources of the parties.
(7) The Magistrate may direct the officer-in-charge of the police station in whose jurisdiction the Magistrate has been approached to assist in the implementation of the protection order.
(8) The Magistrate may direct the respondent to return to the possession of the aggrieved person her stridhan or any other property or valuable security to which she is entitled to.
Monetary reliefs.—
(1) While disposing of an application under sub-section (1) of section 12, the Magistrate may direct the respondent to pay monetary relief to meet the expenses incurred and losses suffered by the aggrieved person and any child of the aggrieved person as a result of the domestic violence and such relief may include but is not limited to—
(a) the loss of earnings;
(b) the medical expenses;
(c) the loss caused due to the destruction, damage or removal of any property from the control of the aggrieved person; and
(d) the maintenance for the aggrieved person as well as her children, if any, including an order under or in addition to an order of maintenance under section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) or any other law for the time being in force.
(2) The monetary relief granted under this section shall be adequate, fair and reasonable and consistent with the standard of living to which the aggrieved person is accustomed.
(3) The Magistrate shall have the power to order an appropriate lump sum payment or monthly payments of maintenance, as the nature and circumstances of the case may require.
(4) The Magistrate shall send a copy of the order for monetary relief made under sub-section (1) to the parties to the application and to the in-charge of the police station within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the respondent resides.
(5) The respondent shall pay the monetary relief granted to the aggrieved person within the period specified in the order under sub‑section (1).
(6) Upon the failure on the part of the respondent to make payment in terms of the order under sub‑section (1), the Magistrate may direct the employer or a debtor of the respondent, to directly pay to the aggrieved person or to deposit with the court a portion of the wages or salaries or debt due to or accrued to the credit of the respondent, which amount may be adjusted towards the monetary relief payable by the respondent.
Custody orders.—Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the Magistrate may, at any stage of hearing of the application for protection order or for any other relief under this Act grant temporary custody of any child or children to the aggrieved person or the person making an application on her behalf and specify, if necessary, the arrangements for visit of such child or children by the respondent: Provided that if the Magistrate is of the opinion that any visit of the respondent may be harmful to the interests of the child or children, the Magistrate shall refuse to allow such visit.
Compensation orders.—In addition to other reliefs as may be granted under this Act, the Magistrate may on an application being made by the aggrieved person, pass an order directing the respondent to pay compensation and damages for the injuries, including mental torture and emotional distress, caused by the acts of domesti
Power to grant interim and ex parte orders: –
Sec. 18 – 22 ( against the respondent) sec. 23
Court to give copies of orders free of cost :
Sec. 24
Duration and alteration of orders : sec. 25
Relief in other suits and legal proceedings: sec. 26
Jurisdiction :- sec. 27
(1) The court of Judicial Magistrate of the first class or the Metropolitan Magistrate, as the case may be, within the local limits of which—
(a) the person aggrieved permanently or temporarily resides or carries on business or is employed; or
(b) the respondent resides or carries on business or is employed; or
(c) the cause of action has arisen, shall be the competent court to grant a protection order and other orders under this Act and to try offences under this Act.
(2) Any order made this Act shall be enforceable throughout India.
28. Procedure.—
(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, all proceedings under sections 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 and offences under section 31 shall be governed by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974).
(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall prevent the court from laying down its own procedure for disposal of an application under section 12 or under sub-section (2) of section 23.
29. Appeal.—There shall lie an appeal to the Court of Session within thirty days from the date on which the order made by the Magistrate is served on the aggrieved person or the respondent, as the case may be, whichever is later.
30. Protection Officers and members of service providers to be public servants.—The Protection Officers and members of service providers, while acting or purporting to act in pursuance of any of the provisions of this Act or any rules or orders made thereunder shall be deemed to be public servants within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).
31. Penalty for breach of protection order by respondent.—
(1) A breach of protection order, or of an interim protection order, by the respondent shall be an offence under this Act and shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to twenty thousand rupees, or with both.
(2) The offence under sub-section (1) shall as far as practicable be tried by the Magistrate who had passed the order, the breach of which has been alleged to have been caused by the accused.
(3) While framing charges under sub-section (1), the Magistrates may also frame charges under section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) or any other provision of that Code or the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (28 of 1961), as the case may be, if the facts disclose the commission of an offence under those provisions.
32. Cognizance and proof.—
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), the offence under sub-section (1) of section 31 shall be cognizable and non-bailable.
(2) Upon the sole testimony of the aggrieved person, the court may conclude that an offence under sub-section (1) of section 31 has been committed by the accused.
33. Penalty for not discharging duty by Protection Officer.—If any Protection Officer fails or refuses to discharges his duties as directed by the Magistrate in the protection order without any sufficient cause, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to twenty thousand rupees, or with both.
34. Cognizance of offence committed by Protection Officer.—No prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against the Protection Officer unless a complaint is filed with the previous sanction of the State Government or an officer authorised by it in this behalf.
35. Protection of action taken in good faith.—No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against the Protection Officer for any damage caused or likely to be caused by anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act or any rule or order made thereunder.
36. Act not in derogation of any other law.—The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of the provisions of any other law, for the time being in force.
Types of Domestic Violence :-
Physical Violence. Physical violence occurs when someone uses a part of their body or an object to control a person’s actions.
Sexual Violence. …
Emotional Violence. …
Psychological Violence. …
Spiritual Violence. …
Cultural Violence. …
Verbal Abuse. …
Financial Abuse.
Domestic violence can be practised in many forms including physical, emotional and sexual abuse.
A purple ribbon symbolizes and promotes the awareness of domestic violence.
Domestic violence, in its broadest sense, also includes violence against parents or the elderly and children.
Domestic violence – more than car accidents, rape and mugging combined – is the leading cause of injury of women.
Domestic violence often happens in cases of child or forced marriages.
Children who grow up in a household with violence often show psychological issues from an early age.
An intimate partner or family member may commit domestic violence.
The abuser may seek to isolate the victim from near and dear ones.
Before the mid-1800s wife-beating valid considered as a reasonable practice, for the husband to exercise control over his wife.
85% of victims of domestic violence are women.
Traditionally domestic violence was only associated with physical violence. Domestic violence involves not only physical but also emotional, psychological and sexual abuse. Manipulating the victim with the help of his or her children is also a type of domestic violence. The abuser may be isolating the victim from other people who may be assisting. Victims of abuse may experience mental illness, physical disabilities, dysregulated aggression, psychological disorders such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, chronic health issues and poor ability at creating healthy relationships.
Question 2: How does domestic violence affect a woman?
Answer 2: Domestic violence affects women in terms of ill health. It causes serious consequences on their mental and physical health which includes reproductive and sexual health. It also includes injuries, gynaecological problems, depression, suicide and more.
Deta of Domestic Violence in india :-
In India, 30 percent of women have experienced domestic violence at least once from when they were aged 15, and around 4 percent of ever-pregnant women have experienced spousal violence during a pregnancy..
The Cascading Impacts of COVID-19
At the time of writing this paper, the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic has cost 5 million lives and infected more than 300 million across the globe. It has caused a massive economic fallout, with countries still reeling from the lockdowns and halt in economic activity. The humanitarian impacts of the pandemic have also been huge. It caused what experts call a “shadow pandemic”[c]—that of increased exposure to abuse and violence during the successive lockdowns and disruptions to vital support services. Economic instability, threatened livelihoods, increased levels of stress due to the double burden of care and household duties, have further intensified the risks.[35] In some countries, there has been as high as a 30-percent increase in reported domestic violence.[36]
Indeed, the pandemic has called attention to the importance of addressing violence against women as a public-health priority. Yet, this rise in family and domestic violence is not a unique impact of the Covid-pandemic. Historically, as social infrastructures break down during disasters and crises, women suffer the additional burden of increased domestic violence. For example, Sierra Leone saw a rise of 19 percent in gender-based violence during the Ebola outbreak in Africa in 2014-16.[37] These reports of gender-based violence are easily deprioritised, unrecognised and under-funded; it is a pattern that is not singular to one country or region.[38]
In the past two years, pandemic-induced lockdowns and their social and economic consequences have increased the exposure of women to abusive partners and other known risk factors while limiting their access to services.[39] Stress, the disruption of social and protective networks, and decreased access to vital sexual and reproductive health services exacerbated the risk of violence for women.[40] It was not uncommon for them to not seek help, amidst lacking legislations, inept implementation of policy interventions, and the societal shame associated with gender-based violence. As the health crisis progressed, the lack of mobility, fear of infection and social interactions, further deterred reporting of such cases.
Figure 3 shows a visible increase in some common forms of gender-based violence legally recognised in India, between 2019 and 2021. The National Commission for Women (NCW) registers complaints from women in such distress and seeks to resolve them without actively engaging with the courts. The cases that have particularly seen a rise include domestic violence (as defined under the PWDV Act); dowry harassment; and violations of right to live with dignity. It is important to note here that all of these cases are associated with the presumed “safe” space of a household.
During the past two years, complaints to authorities seeking civil, out-of-court resolutions appear to have increased significantly; at the same time, First Information Reports (FIRs), registered with the Police and required to initiate legal proceedings, saw a bigger decrease. Across the majority of India’s states, the registered cases have either remained the same as in 2019 or have fallen (See figure 4)— contrary to the trend seen from the data from NCW and media reports.
Many analysts, and not just in India, point to the challenges in accurately determining the real incidence of domestic violence because of under-reporting. In more recent years, however, reporting behaviour in India has been encouraged by specific policies such as the centrally sponsored Sakhi scheme, implemented after the Nirbhaya Rape case of 2012.[d],[46] In states like Telangana and Maharashtra, for example, these crisis centres have become the first avenue for women to report their abuse.
The following section of the paper attempts to provide evidence-based policy solutions for interventions in arresting the incidence of domestic violence in India.
Conclusion :-
To conclude, domestic violence has many forms which include physical aggression like kicking and biting and it can also be sexual or emotional. It is essential to recognize the signs of domestic violence and report the abuser if it is happening around you or to you.
Often women and children are the soft targets of domestic violence. Domestic violence is a gruesome crime that also causes a number of deaths. Some of the most common causes of domestic violence are illiteracy and economical dependency on the menfolk.
The male-dominated society plays an important role in this problem. Further, dowry is also one of the leading causes which have the consequence of violence against newly-wed brides. In many parts of the world, physically assaulting women and passing horrendous remarks is common.
Moreover, children also become victims of this inhuman behaviour more than often. It is important to recognize the double standards and hypocrisy of society. A lot of the times, the abuser is either psychotic or requires psychological counselling.
However, in a more general term, domestic violence is the outcome of cumulative irresponsible behaviour which a section of society demonstrates. It is also important to note that solely the abuser is not just responsible but also those who allow this to happen and act as mere mute spectators.
Source :-
1.Domestic Violence Act.
2. Women & Law (Dr. SR Myneni )
3. Law Relating to Women & Children ( Dr S.C. Tripathi and Vibha Arora )
4. News Paper Data Report
5. Case Study of last some years in India
6. Internet – Google, and other search engine …
” Domestic Violence Article “
